191 section mappings
IEA to BSAevery section, mapped.
Every section of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and its equivalent under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 — including the electronic-evidence provisions that replaced Section 65B.
The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 was repealed and replaced by the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 with effect from 1 July 2024. Section numbers were not carried across, so a citation that was correct for decades now points at the wrong provision. Use this index to find the equivalent, or the converter to search in either direction.
Sections 1–99120
- IEA 1→BSA 1Short title, application and commencement
- IEA 3 Interpret ation clause→BSA 2Definitions
- IEA 3, para 1→BSA 2(1)(a)Court
- IEA 4, para 3→BSA 2(1)(b)conclusive proof
- IEA 3, para 8→BSA 2(1)(c)disproved
- IEA 3, para 5→BSA 2(1)(d)document
- IEA 3, para 6→BSA 2(1)(e)evidence
- IEA 3, para 2→BSA 2(1)(f)fact
- IEA 3, para 4→BSA 2(1)(g)facts in issue
- IEA 4, para 1→BSA 2(1)(h)may presume
- IEA 3, para 9→BSA 2(1)(i)not proved
- IEA 3, para 7→BSA 2(1)(j)proved
- IEA 3, para 3→BSA 2(1)(k)relevant
- IEA 4, para 2→BSA 2(1)(l)shall presume
- IEA 5→BSA 3Evidence maybe given of facts in issue and relevant facts
- IEA 6→BSA 4Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction
- IEA 7→BSA 5Facts which are occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue or relevant facts
- IEA 8→BSA 6Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct
- IEA 9→BSA 7Facts necessary to explain or introduce fact in issue or relevant facts
- IEA 10→BSA 8Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design
- IEA 11→BSA 9When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant
- IEA 12→BSA 10Facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant in suits for damages
- IEA 13→BSA 11Facts relevant when right or custom is in question
- IEA 14→BSA 12Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling
- IEA 15→BSA 13Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional
- IEA 16→BSA 14Existence of course of business when relevant
- IEA 17→BSA 15Admission defined
- IEA 18→BSA 16Admission by party to proceeding or his agent
- IEA 19→BSA 17Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit
- IEA 20→BSA 18Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit
- IEA 21→BSA 19Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf
- IEA 22→BSA 20When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant
- IEA 23→BSA 21Admissions in civil cases when relevant
- IEA 24→BSA 22(1)Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding
- IEA 28→BSA First proviso to section 22Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant
- IEA 29→BSA Second proviso to section 22Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc
- IEA 25→BSA 23(1)Confession to police officer
- IEA 26→BSA 23(2)Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him
- IEA 27→BSA Proviso to section 23How much of information received from accused may be proved
- IEA 30→BSA 24Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence
- IEA 31→BSA 25Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop
- IEA 32→BSA 26Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant
- IEA 33→BSA 27Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, truth of facts therein stated
- IEA 34→BSA 28Entries in books of account when relevant
- IEA 35→BSA 29Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty
- IEA 36→BSA 30Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans
- IEA 37→BSA 31Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notifications
- IEA 38→BSA 32Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books including electronic or digital form
- IEA 39→BSA 33What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers
- IEA 40→BSA 34Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial
- IEA 41→BSA 35Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction
- IEA 42→BSA 36Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section35[41 IEA]
- IEA 43→BSA 37Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36 [40to 42 IEA] when relevant
- IEA 44→BSA 38Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved
- IEA 45→BSA 39(1)Opinions of experts
- IEA 45A→BSA 39(2)Opinion of Examiner of Electronic Evidence
- IEA 46→BSA 40Facts bearing upon opinions of experts
- IEA 47→BSA 41(1)Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevant
- IEA 47A→BSA 41(2)Opinion as to electronic signature, when relevant
- IEA 48→BSA 42Opinion as to existence of general custom or right, when relevant
- IEA 49→BSA 43Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant
- IEA 50→BSA 44Opinion on relationship, when relevant
- IEA 51→BSA 45Grounds of opinion, when relevant
- IEA 52→BSA 46In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant
- IEA 53→BSA 47In criminal cases previous good character relevant
- IEA 53A→BSA 48Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases
- IEA 54→BSA 49Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply
- IEA 55→BSA 50Character as affecting damages
- IEA 56→BSA 51Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved
- IEA 57→BSA 52Facts of which Court shall take judicial notice
- IEA 58→BSA 53Facts admitted need not be proved
- IEA 59→BSA 54Proof of facts by oral evidence
- IEA 60→BSA 55Oral evidence to be direct
- IEA 61→BSA 56Proof of contents of documents
- IEA 62→BSA 57Primary evidence
- IEA 63→BSA 58Secondary evidence
- IEA 64→BSA 59Proof of documents by primary evidence
- IEA 65→BSA 60Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given
- IEA 65A→BSA 62Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record
- IEA 65B→BSA 63Admissibility of electronic records
- IEA 66→BSA 64Rules as to notice to produce
- IEA 67→BSA 65Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced
- IEA 67A→BSA 66Proof as to electronic signature
- IEA 68→BSA 67Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested
- IEA 69→BSA 68Proof where no attesting witness found
- IEA 70→BSA 69Admission of execution by party to attested document
- IEA 71→BSA 70Proof when attesting witness denies execution
- IEA 72→BSA 71Proof of document not required by law to be attested
- IEA 73→BSA 72Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved
- IEA 73A→BSA 73Proof as to verification of digital signature
- IEA 74→BSA 74(1)Public and private documents
- IEA 75→BSA 74(2)Public and private documents
- IEA 76→BSA 75Certified copies of public documents
- IEA 77→BSA 76Proof of documents by production of certified copies
- IEA 78→BSA 77Proof of other official documents
- IEA 79→BSA 78Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies
- IEA 80→BSA 79Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence, etc
- IEA 81→BSA 80Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, [private Acts of parliament] and other documents
- IEA 81A→BSA 81Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital record
- IEA 83→BSA 82Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government
- IEA 84→BSA 83Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions
- IEA 85→BSA 84Presumption as to powers-of- attorney
- IEA 85A→BSA 85Presumption as to electronic agreements
- IEA 85B→BSA 86Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures
- IEA 85C→BSA 87Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates
- IEA 86→BSA 88Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records
- IEA 87→BSA 89Presumption as to books, maps and charts
- IEA 88A→BSA 90Presumption as to electronic messages
- IEA 89→BSA 91Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced
- IEA 90→BSA 92Presumption as to documents thirty years old
- IEA 90A→BSA 93Presumption as to electronic records five years old
- IEA 91→BSA 94Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document
- IEA 92→BSA 95Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement
- IEA 93→BSA 96Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document
- IEA 94→BSA 97Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts
- IEA 95→BSA 98Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts
- IEA 96→BSA 99Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons
- IEA 97→BSA 100Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies
- IEA 98→BSA 101Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc
- IEA 99→BSA 102Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document
Sections 100–19970
- IEA 100→BSA 103Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills
- IEA 101→BSA 104Burden of proof
- IEA 102→BSA 105On whom burden of proof lies
- IEA 103→BSA 106Burden of proof as to particular fact
- IEA 104→BSA 107Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible
- IEA 105→BSA 108Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions
- IEA 106→BSA 109Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge
- IEA 107→BSA 110Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years
- IEA 108→BSA 111Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years
- IEA 109→BSA 112Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent
- IEA 110→BSA 113Burden of proof as to ownership
- IEA 111→BSA 114Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence
- IEA 111A→BSA 115Presumption as to certain offences
- IEA 112→BSA 116Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy
- IEA 113A→BSA 117Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman
- IEA 113B→BSA 118Presumption as to dowry death
- IEA 114→BSA 119Court may presume existence of certain facts
- IEA 114A→BSA 120Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape
- IEA 115→BSA 121Estoppel
- IEA 116→BSA 122Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession
- IEA 117→BSA 123Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee
- IEA 118→BSA 124Who may testify
- IEA 119→BSA 125Witness unable to communicate verbally
- IEA 120→BSA 126Competency of husband and wife as witnesses in certain cases
- IEA 121→BSA 127Judges and Magistrates
- IEA 122→BSA 128Communications during marriage
- IEA 123→BSA 129Evidence as to affairs of State
- IEA 124→BSA 130Official communications
- IEA 125→BSA 131Information as to commission of offences
- IEA 126→BSA 132(1) & (2)Professional communications
- IEA 127→BSA 132(3)Professional communications to apply interpreters, etc
- IEA 128→BSA 133Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence
- IEA 129→BSA 134Confidential communication with legal advisers
- IEA 130→BSA 135Production of title-deeds of witness not a party
- IEA 131→BSA 136Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce
- IEA 132→BSA 137Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate
- IEA 133→BSA 138Accomplice
- IEA 134→BSA 139Number of witnesses
- IEA 135→BSA 140Order of production and examination of witnesses
- IEA 136→BSA 141Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence
- IEA 137→BSA 142Examination of witnesses
- IEA 138→BSA 143Order of examinations
- IEA 139→BSA 144Cross- examination of person called to produce a document
- IEA 140→BSA 145Witnesses to character
- IEA 141→BSA 146(1)Leading questions
- IEA 142→BSA 146(2) & (3)When they (leading) must not be asked
- IEA 143→BSA 146(4)When they (leading) may be asked
- IEA 144→BSA 147Evidence as to matters in writing
- IEA 145→BSA 148Cross- examination as to previous statements in writing
- IEA 146→BSA 149Questions lawful in cross- examination
- IEA 147→BSA 150When witness to be compelled to answer
- IEA 148→BSA 151Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer
- IEA 149→BSA 152Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds
- IEA 150→BSA 153Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds
- IEA 151→BSA 154Indecent and scandalous questions
- IEA 152→BSA 155Questions intended to insult or annoy
- IEA 153→BSA 156Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity
- IEA 154→BSA 157Question by party to his own witness
- IEA 155→BSA 158Impeaching credit of witness
- IEA 156→BSA 159Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible
- IEA 157→BSA 160Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact
- IEA 158→BSA 161What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 26 or 27. [ section 32 or 33]
- IEA 159→BSA 162Refreshing memory
- IEA 160→BSA 163Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 162[159]
- IEA 161→BSA 164Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory
- IEA 162→BSA 165Production of documents
- IEA 163→BSA 166Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice
- IEA 164→BSA 167Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice
- IEA 165→BSA 168Judge's power to put questions or order production
- IEA 167→BSA 169No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence